양자 중력 탐구: 물리학자들은 블랙홀의 우주 고리에 주목합니다

작성자: Whitney Clavin, Caltech 2023년 5월 29일

Caltech가 주도한 연구에서는 블랙홀 충돌로 생성된 시공간 파문에서 양자 중력의 징후를 찾는 아인슈타인의 일반 상대성 이론에 대한 새롭고 엄격한 테스트를 제안합니다. 한 연구에서는 이전 연구를 바탕으로 양자 중력 이론 내에서 블랙홀 거동에 대한 방정식을 제시하고, 두 번째 연구에서는 이 방정식을 중력파 관측소인 LIGO의 데이터에 적용하여 일반 상대성 이론의 잠재적 편차를 탐지하는 방법을 제안합니다.

New methods will allow for better tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity using LIGOThe Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory supported by the National Science Foundation and operated by Caltech and MIT. It's designed to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. It's multi-kilometer-scale gravitational wave detectors use laser interferometry to measure the minute ripples in space-time caused by passing gravitational waves. It consists of two widely separated interferometers within the United States—one in Hanford, Washington and the other in Livingston, Louisiana." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]">LIGO 데이터.

알베르트 아인슈타인의 일반 상대성 이론은 공간과 시간, 즉 시공간 구조가 질량에 반응하여 어떻게 휘어지는지를 설명합니다. 예를 들어, 우리 태양은 우리 주변의 공간을 뒤틀어 행성 지구가 깔때기에 던져진 대리석처럼 태양 주위를 굴립니다(지구는 옆으로 향하는 운동량으로 인해 지구가 태양 속으로 떨어지지 않습니다).

1915년 제안 당시 혁명적이었던 이 이론은 중력을 시공간 곡선으로 재구성했습니다. 이 이론이 우리 주변 공간의 본질에 근본적인 것이기 때문에 물리학자들은 이것이 이야기의 끝이 아닐 수도 있다고 말합니다. 대신, 그들은 일반 상대성 이론과 양자 물리학을 통합하려는 양자 중력 이론이 우리 우주가 가장 깊은 수준에서 어떻게 작동하는지에 대한 비밀을 담고 있다고 주장합니다.

이동준과 그의 협력자들의 방정식은 일반 상대성 이론을 넘어서는 체제에서 블랙홀이 어떻게 울리는지를 설명합니다. 신용: 칼텍

One place to search for signatures of quantum gravity is in the mighty collisions between black holes, where gravity is at its most extreme. Black holes are the densest objects in the universe—their gravity is so strong that they squeeze objects falling into them into spaghetti-like noodles. When two black holes collide and merge into one larger body, they roil space-time around them, sending ripples called gravitational wavesGravitational waves are distortions or ripples in the fabric of space and time. They were first detected in 2015 by the Advanced LIGO detectors and are produced by catastrophic events such as colliding black holes, supernovae, or merging neutron stars." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]">모든 방향으로 바깥쪽으로 중력파가 발생합니다.

리동준. 신용: 칼텍

The National Science Foundation-funded LIGO, managed by Caltech and MIT, has been routinely detecting gravitational waves generated by black holeA black hole is a place in space where the gravitational field is so strong that not even light can escape it. Astronomers classify black holes into three categories by size: miniature, stellar, and supermassive black holes. Miniature black holes could have a mass smaller than our Sun and supermassive black holes could have a mass equivalent to billions of our Sun." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]"> 2015년부터 블랙홀 합병이 있었습니다(파트너 관측소인 Virgo와 KAGRA가 각각 2017년과 2020년에 사냥에 참여했습니다). 그러나 지금까지 일반 상대성 이론은 무너질 기미 없이 계속해서 테스트를 통과해 왔습니다.

Now, two new Caltech-led papers, in Physical Review X and Physical Review LettersPhysical Review Letters (PRL) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society. It is one of the most prestigious and influential journals in physics, with a high impact factor and a reputation for publishing groundbreaking research in all areas of physics, from particle physics to condensed matter physics and beyond. PRL is known for its rigorous standards and short article format, with a maximum length of four pages, making it an important venue for rapid communication of new findings and ideas in the physics community." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]"Physical Review Letters, describe new methods for putting general relativity to even more stringent tests. By looking more closely at the structures of black holes, and the ripples in space-time they produce, the scientists are seeking signs of small deviations from general relativity that would hint at the presence of quantum gravity./p>

The first study, titled "Perturbations of spinning black holes beyond General Relativity: Modified Teukolsky equation," was funded by the Simons Foundation, the Brinson Foundation, and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Other authors include Nicolás Yunes of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The second study, titled "Black Hole Spectroscopy by Mode Cleaning," was funded by the Brinson Foundation, the Simons Foundation, NSF, and the Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav). Ling Sun of the Australian National UniversityFounded in 1946, the Australian National University (ANU) is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, in addition to several national academies and institutes." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]"Australian National University is also a co-author./p>New methods will allow for better tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity using LIGOThe Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory supported by the National Science Foundation and operated by Caltech and MIT. It's designed to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. It's multi-kilometer-scale gravitational wave detectors use laser interferometry to measure the minute ripples in space-time caused by passing gravitational waves. It consists of two widely separated interferometers within the United States—one in Hanford, Washington and the other in Livingston, Louisiana." data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]"LIGO data./strong>